Clinical Elective Courses: Descriptions

VMS 6700 Food Animal Medicine
(Course Leader: Dr. Dusty Nagy)

Students will have the opportunity to choose to spend their elective time assigned to either in-house, traditional ambulatory or herd health services. This decision will be made the first day of the elective block. Assignments will entail commitment to specific services on a weekly basis and will be contingent on availability of space. Most preferences will be honored. Responsibilities will be the same as in required.

VMS 6710 Small Animal Medicine
(Course Leader: Dr. Leah Cohn)

Internal medicine will be a continuation of the internal medicine section VMS 6410. The elective student may choose between a clinical elective and a research elective. The clinical elective student will have the same responsibilities as a regular internal medicine student with the exception that they will no have night or weekend emergency duty. They will have daytime emergency duty. The elective students will carry a caseload comparable to the regular students, and be evaluated in the same manner which is 70% subjective and 30% objective. The objective grade is based on a presentation given during the rotation. The research elective will involve either prospective or retrospective research with the intention of presenting results at Phi Zeta day in the spring of the year. The student will also attend internal medicine rounds and may care for medicine cases if an adequate case load permits this option. Generally, students choosing the research elective will discuss options with the internal medicine clinicians months in advance of the rotation to allow for adequate preparation of a project idea and efficient use of time while on rotation.

Community practice will be a continuation of the community practice section of VMS 6410. The elective student will have the same responsibilities as a regular small animal medicine student in local practice. The elective students will carry a caseload comparable to regular students, and be evaluated in the same manner which is 50% objective and 50% subjective. The objective grade is based on a presentation given during the rotation and a test over required readings.

VMS 6720 Equine Medicine, Surgery or Ambulatory
(Course Leader: Dr. Philip Johnson)

Students may choose equine medicine, surgery, or ambulatory for 3 credits (3 weeks). Students repeating equine medicine and/or surgery will function in a way similar to students taking the rotation for the first time. It is anticipated that students may take the elective block before the required block. The student may, at the discretion of the instructor, have different responsibilities to include special projects or papers, and may be excluded from some responsibilities or experiences of the basic equine rotation. The student will be expected and encouraged to participate in equine medicine or surgery resident rounds. Participation in primary equine emergency service is an option but will not be required. However, the student will be expected to participate in secondary (back-up)emergency duty. Repeat students will be evaluating new cases and may be working with different instructors and house officers. Thus, the learning experience will build on the knowledge base achieved in the first rotation. The objective grade may be based on the results of formal examination, unless not required by the attending service leader. Elective student participation in the equine ambulatory service is also possible for 2 students every 3 weeks.

The equine ambulatory is designed to give students experience with routine procedures encountered in equine practice. Preventive medicine, routine dentistry, lameness evaluations, and theriogenology are just a few areas of focus. The ambulatory truck is equipped with portable radiographic, ultrasonographic, and endoscopic equipment. Procedures are performed on donation and rescued horses at Middlebush farm in addition to case-based teaching centered on client-owned horses and their problems. Students will be familiarized with costs of drugs and equipment, and they gain experience dealing with clients by discussing cases, attaining permission for diagnostic procedures, describing diagnostic results, formulating a treatment plan, and invoicing for services.

VMS 6730 Small Animal Surgery
(Course Leader: Dr. F. A. Mann)

Small Animal Surgery/Neurology consists of three services: (1) Soft Tissue Surgery, (2) Orthopedics, and (3) Neurology. Students may elect to take the entire block (6 credits) by taking half of the block in one of the three services and the other half in one of the other two services, or students may take the entire block in any of the three services. Students may elect to take half of the block (3 credits) by signing up for any one of the three services for that time period. You must clearly indicate which service you desire when you sign up for VMS 6730. If you have not had VMS 6430 (required Small Animal Surgery/Neurology block) before this elective, you must be enrolled in the first half of the block for VMS 6730. There shall be a maximum of one VMS 6730 student per service per half block for Soft Tissue Surgery and Neurology. Orthopedics can accommodate up to two VMS 6730 students per half block.

Students in this elective will have clinical case exposure and responsibility equivalent to students in the required Small Animal Surgery/Neurology clinical block (VMS 6430). Also, VMS 6730 elective students will participate in daily rounds discussions and other educational activities along with the required Small Animal Surgery/Neurology clinical block students. Elective students will participate in emergency call rotation along with required block students, but will not be assigned intensive care unit duty.

Alternately, VMS 6730 may be used for a non-clinical elective in any of the three disciplines (Soft Tissue Surgery, Orthopedics, or Neurology). Such an elective experience requires advanced planning with a specific faculty member in the discipline of choice.

VMS 6741 Radiology
(Course Leader: Dr. Jimmy Lattimer)

Elective A: Clinical Elective in Diagnostic Radiology: (emphasis in either small animal radiology or large animal radiology)

Students taking an elective in diagnostic radiology will be required to sign up for at least 3 weeks of the block and may elect to take 6 week block in this area. The outline of activities is as follows: The elective student will be expected to attend the staff resident rounds at the beginning of the day, on Monday and Wednesday afternoons the elective student will be required (at the discretion of the attending radiologist and technical staff) to assist the technicians and the regular block students in performing radiographic examinations in the small and/or large animal clinics, during the morning clinic hours the students will be required to "shadow" the clinician or resident on service on either the first or second floor of the hospital (animal holding will not be required during this time) and observe performance of any special procedures done by that clinician . The student will also be assigned to an independent study project consisting of reviewing cases from a designated portion of the clinical archives for inclusion in the student teaching file. For the independent study project the student will be required to review the films from cases in clinical archives and evaluate them for teaching interest, film quality and completeness. The student will cull unneeded films from those available and place the films of interest in a radiology teaching case folder along with a copy of the radiology report, any pathology report and a type written copy of the discharge summary for that case and visit. The student will be required to review the cases be has selected with a member of the radiology faculty and have those cases approved by the faculty member for inclusion in the teaching file. The elective student will also be required to present those cases to and discuss them with the regular clinic block students and faculty near the end of the regular radiology block student's rotation. This presentation will be in the form of a power point or similar format presentation and will form a mini seminar on the topic under discussion. This presentation is expected to be approximately 15-20 minutes in length. A minimum of 15 cases per 3 week rotation in the elective is required for satisfactory completion of the assignment. Grading will be subjective on the basis of attendance, participation in discussions with the radiologists in rounds and on the floor, completion of the independent study project and the quality of the work in that project (additional cases reviewed will be a positive factor). No examination will be required. Grading will be letter grades. There is a limit of 2 students per block in this elective. It may be taken before the regular block rotation and may be repeated.

Elective B: Clinical Elective in Special Diagnostic Imaging: (Ultrasound, CT, Nuclear Medicine, MRI)

Students electing to take the clinical elective in diagnostic ultrasound will be required to attend the regular radiology staff resident rounds at the beginning of the day in order to be familiar with the discussion between the clinicians regarding cases that have had special diagnostic imaging examinations. The student will be required to be present for the performance of all ultrasound, CT, MRI and nuclear scintigraphy examinations. Where more than one such examination is being performed at the same time the student will be allowed to choose which one he or she will observe. Currently the substantial majority of such studies are ultrasound examinations. In the case of ultrasound studies, when time and resources permit, the student will be encouraged to repeat the study and try to repeat the findings of the clinician. Unfortunately this is not possible in CT and scintigraphy and may not always be possible with ultrasound examinations. When the student is not occupied with special imaging studies, he or she will be required to work on an independent study project. Normal animals, cadavers or archived cases will serve as the source material for this project. The project may take many forms and can range from structuring studies for the student radiology teaching file to performance of a retrospective study of the case archive materials with a view toward submitting such a study for publication. The type of project will be decided on, and goals set the first day of the rotation. Preparation of cases for the student teaching file will be the default project.

For archive cases to be prepared for the student teaching file the student will be assigned a group of cases from the archives from which to obtain the cases for inclusion in the teaching file. The student will cull unneeded films from those available and place the films of interest in a radiology teaching case folder along with a copy of the radiology report, any pathology report and a type written copy of the discharge summary for that case and visit. The student will be required to review the cases selected with a member of the radiology faculty and have those cases approved by the faculty member for inclusion in the teaching file. The elective student will also be required to present those cases to and discuss them with the regular clinic block students and faculty near the end of the regular radiology block student's rotation. This presentation will be in the form of a power point or similar format presentation and will form a mini seminar on the topic under discussion. This presentation is expected to be approximately 15-20 minutes in length. A minimum of 12 cases per 3 week rotation in the elective is required for satisfactory completion of the assignment. In any case the student will be required to demonstrate that he or she can obtain diagnostic quality ultrasound images from a normal dog and cat. This will be demonstrated by obtaining and recording images of the major abdominal organs. The rotation may be taken before or after the regular rotation in radiology. Grading will be A/F and based on attendance, participation in discussion and satisfactory completion of the independent study project. There is a maximum of 3 students per rotation in this elective.

Elective C: Clinical Elective in Radiation Therapy

Students election to take the clinical elective in radiation therapy will be required to attend the regular radiology staff/resident rounds at the beginning of the day in order to be familiar with case presented for evaluation by radiology. He/She will also be required to attend the weekly oncology rounds as well as the weekly radiation oncology rounds. The bulk of the remaining time will be spent in the radiation therapy facility observing the administration of radiation therapy to patients and observing the radiation oncologist as treatment plans are developed. The student will also be required to develop a power point type presentation on a selected topic in radiation therapy and present that to the remainder of the students on the radiology rotation and the radiology faculty near the end of the rotation. This presentation is expected to be approximately 15-20 minutes in length. The rotation may be taken before or after the regular rotation in radiology. Grading will be A/F and based on attendance, participation in discussion and satisfactory completion of the independent study project. There is a maximum of 1 student per rotation in this elective.

VMS 6742 Anesthesiology
(Course Leader: Dr. Keith Branson)

Students taking this elective will be assigned to anesthetize and monitor the more challenging anesthetic cases during the clinical rotation. Participation in small animal emergency duty may be scheduled. Students may elect to emphasize equine or food animal anesthesia, but limited participation in small animal anesthesia will be necessary. In addition, students will select a published hypothesis-driven research paper on a subject relevant to veterinary anesthesia and present that paper to the anesthesia service during anesthesia rounds.

VMS6750 Theriogenology (Not currently offered)

Students repeating this clinical rotation generally will function in a ay similar to students taking the block for the first time. At the discretion of the instructor, students could potentially have different responsibilities, to include special projects or papers, and be excluded from some experiences gained in the first block. Repeat students will also be evaluating new cases and often work with different instructors. Thus, the learning experience will build on the knowledge base achieved in the first rotation. Students may be required to participate in emergency and overnight duty schedules.

VPB 6884 Research Techniques in Veterinary Pathobiology
(Course Leader: Dr. John Critser)

Students will arrange a research project with a selected instructor. This course will consist of hands-on experience with molecular biology techniques. The student will be required to submit a paper describing the methodologies used, research results, and interpretation. This research experience may be the basis for a poster or oral presentation at the college or at a national meeting (No graduate course is gained)

VMS 6800 Clinical Ophthalmology
(Course Leader: Dr. Jacquelin Pearce)

A 3-week elective in comparative ophthalmology will afford students an opportunity for concentrated study and experience on our clinical rotation. A maximum of 1 elective student per 3 week rotation will be accepted excepting select times during the year. The learning experience will build on the knowledge base achieved in the required 2 week rotation, thus students are strongly recommended to have completed the required rotation in ophthalmology (VMS 6460) prior to participating in this elective. However, the elective course may be taken prior to the required course only if it taken during the first half of a block. If the elective course is taken after the required course, it may be taken either the first or second half of an elective block.

Students will select a published hypothesis-driven research paper on a subject relevant to veterinary ophthalmology and present the paper to fellow colleagues and service members during ophthalmology rounds. The student will also be expected to complete one of the following 4 options (to be determined by the student and ophthalmology faculty): 1) prepare a review paper on a relevant topic of his/her choice; 2) write a case report for publication; 3) assist in research activities (which must involve more than technical assistance); or 4) create a case-based teaching module using PowerPoint that will serve as a teaching tool for future students. Elective students will be expected to manage the more challenging ophthalmology cases and possibly assist required rotation students with routine cases. Participation in ophthalmic surgical emergency duty will be expected during the 3 week elective period. Every effort will be made to accommodate special interests that a student may have during his/her elective experience. Once a year, typically in October or November, the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists hold their annual meeting at various locations in the United States. Details about the conference can be found at www.acvo.org. Students with a focused interest in ophthalmology are strongly encouraged to sign up for an elective during the block that overlaps with our national meeting if he/she would like to attend. Funding may be available to help cover transportation and hotel costs; however this is dependent on the fiscal health of the section and will vary from year to year.

VMS 6810 Cardiology
(Course Leader: Dr. Deborah Fine)

Cardiology elective consists of a three week clinical rotation in the small animal hospital. Duties include primary case receiving and patient care with clinical case work-up. Additional responsibilities include attendance at clinical rounds and participation in related clinical activities. Opportunities for emergency receiving and participation in interventional procedures are available as case material presents. Students must be currently enrolled in the VM curriculum. Students will be allowed to take a 3-week Cardiology elective rotation.

VMS 6820 Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care
(Course Leader: Dr. F. A. Mann)

The objective of this course is to provide interested students with an opportunity for additional structured clinical exposure to small animal medicine and surgery and, in particular, emergency and critical care. The rotation can accommodate up to 3 elective students at a time. Teaching methods will consist of hands-on experience in the ICU, daytime and after-hours emergency receiving, participation in rounds, and a list of objectives to be achieved by the end of the rotation. This is a clinical rotation; therefore, daily rounds topics will vary with caseload. The checklist is provided to assure some consistency in course content among students rotating at different times.

Student scheduling will vary depending on the number of students taking the elective. One student will work Monday through Friday from 1:00 to 11:00 p.m. in the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH). With 2 students, an additional shift from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. will be added. Daytime weekend shifts are also available, as this is the best time to gain emergency experience. The contact time and activities may be altered for students taking the rotation for more than 3 weeks. The first day of the rotation will be Wednesday to be synchronized with core and other elective rotations. On the last day of the rotation (on a Tuesday) the student(s) will be in the VMTH from 8:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m.. This will allow the student(s) to adjust to a day schedule in preparation for transition to another rotation the following day. A practical examination will occur during this final day of the rotation. Grading will be both subjective and objective.

VMS 6830 Food Animal Production Medicine
(Course Leader: Dr. Scott Poock)

Minimum of 5 students and maximum of 15. This course is offered in Mar-May of odd years only (Rotation 4 or 12). The course will consist of class meetings and field trips. Swine, dairy, and beef management will be covered. There will be emphasis on herd health evaluation, diagnostics, problem-solving, farm management, and economics.

VMS 6850 Small Animal Specialty Medicine II (currently oncology)
(Course Leader: Dr. Kim Selting )

Student performance will be assessed 70% subjectively based on clinical performance and 30% objectively based on a paper and presentation. Students will examine, diagnose, and treat animals presenting to the oncology service. Cytology, biopsy, bone marrow aspirate, and chemotherapy administration are among the procedures that will be routinely performed. Discussions will be held for one hour at least once daily to review case histories, lab results, radiographs, and CT scans. Formal cytology rounds are held once weekly with clinical pathologists. Students will be expected to become familiar with the clinical application of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The student will be involved with ongoing clinical trials and will be expected to understand the mechanics of a clinical trial.

VPB 6676 Laboratory Animal Medicine and Management
(Course Leaders: Dr. Craig Franklin/Cynthia Besch-Wiliford)

The University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Program (CMP) offers an elective experience ranging from 3-6 weeks. Activities vary with the goals of the student and may center on comparative medicine research, laboratory animal medicine, comparative pathology or combinations of these areas.

COMPARATIVE MEDICINE RESEARCH:
For electives greater than 3 weeks in duration, externs are assigned a research project. The student conducts a literature review, implements the project, analyzes data generated and gives a short presentation at the completion of the externship. Students performing 3 week externships rotate with post-DVM trainees of the CMP who are actively engaged in research projects. During these rotations, students discuss projects and participate in laboratory procedures.

LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE:
Laboratory Animal Medicine activities are performed via a rotation through the Office of Animal Resources (OAR). At the OAR, students participate in the day to day activities of providing clinical veterinary care to research animals. They assist and participate in routine health procedures, clinical observations, evaluations, diagnosis and designing treatment plans for a diverse group of animals including non-human primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, swine, rats and mice. Students also gain experience in laboratory animal practice/facility management by observing interactions and problem solving between laboratory animal veterinarians, research staff and animal care staff. Students may also participate in experimental surgeries if the latter are ongoing during the clinical rotation.

COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY:
Comparative pathology activities are performed through a rotation in the Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory (RADIL). In the RADIL, externs participate in all aspects of diagnosis of research animal disease including necropsy, microbiology, serology, parasitology, molecular diagnostics, histopathologic evaluation of tissues, and case management. Externs may also participate in projects involving research pathology and phenotypic characterization of mutant rodents if the latter are ongoing during the externs visit.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES:
Students may also participate in a variety of ongoing activities such as seminars, lab meetings, animal handling laboratories and rounds. Students are under the direct supervision of clinical veterinarians, research scientists, comparative pathologists and post-DVM trainees throughout the elective experience.

This course requires instructor permission. Please contact Dr. Craig Franklin or submit a CV (with current veterinary school GPA) and a letter of interest.

VPB 6679 Pathology
(Course Leader: Dr. Gayle Johnson)

Students MUST have completed VP 6647 Diagnostic Pathology and Special Species Medicine I (required Path Block) before taking this elective course. In very rare circumstances, if the student has prior pathology experience, exceptions will be considered.

Students repeating this pathology rotation could potentially have different responsibilities, to include special projects or papers, and be excluded from some experiences gained in the first rotation. The learning experience will build on the knowledge base achieved in the first rotation. Students must identify a mentor and develop a plan for the required elective before approval by the VMDL Instructional Coordinator.

VMS 6751 External Food Animal Service and Theriogenology Teaching Program (EFASTP) Course Outline
(Course Leader: Dr. Loren Schultz)

I. Course Description

1. The objective of this course is to offer veterinary students at MU additional options for clinical training in Theriogenology and Food Supply Veterinary Medicine beyond the core curriculum.
2. The External Food Animal Service and Theriogenology Teaching Program is cooperative program between veterinary practitioners, the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Robert J. and Elizabeth M. Gourley Foundation.
3. The course will be offered during the clinical blocks 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12

II. Selection of students for the EFASTP

1. A list of practitioners will be made for each clinical block. Students wanting to participate will rank the practitioners based on the description of the food animal and theriogenology case load provided by the practitioner.
2. If enough slots are available students will be assigned to the practice the ranked the highest.
3. When multiple students rank a practice the same and not enough slots are available preference will be given to the students with the best combined grades in their food animal and theriogenology didactic courses available at least three months prior to the clinical block the select.
4. In the event that more students select this elective than there are slots available, students not assigned to a practice will be given the choice of participating in the food animal medicine and surgery clinical elective during that block or opting out the elective completely.
5. Students participating in the course will be required to evaluate the practice they attend. This evaluation will be used in determining the suitability of the practice to host students.
6. One student on each clinical block will participate in the end of block meeting with the VMTH Department Head to discuss the program.

III. Administration of the Program:

1. Dr. Loren Schultz will be the course coordinator.
2. A MU faculty member will visit the practice(s) and student(s) to observe the functioning of the EFASTP.
3. The course coordinator will conduct exit interviews with each student.
4. At the conclusion of the first three months, the EFASTP will be critiqued by the Food Supply faculty, Theriogenology faculty, Theriogenology Task Force, and Food Animal Advisory Committee.
5. Input from the practices, the students, faculty, Task Force and the Advisory Committee will be used to modify the EFASTP on an ongoing basis as needed.
6. The Dean’s Office and the Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Department’s Chair will be updated on the EFASTP quarterly on February 01, May 01, August 1, and November 1.
7. Student’s travel expenses at the beginning and end of external practice experience will be reimbursed upon proper submission of Form UM11 to the Course Coordinator.
8. Students in practices will be reimbursed for a limited number of meals that are not furnished by the external veterinary practice.
9. Student and participating practitioners expenses as specified in this program will be funded from a gift by the Robert J. and Elizabeth M. Gourley Foundation which is intended to strengthen the CVM theriogenology program.

IV. Grading Criteria
1. Every clinician in a participating practice that has clinical contact with a student will complete the student evaluation form used by the faculty of the Food Animal Section. This (these) form(s) will be sent to the course coordinator by US or e-mail when the student finishes their stay in the practice.
2. Practitioners and students will each have a copy of the Proficiencies, Skills, Tasks and Competencies List (see Section VI). The practitioner will initial each Proficiency, Skill, Task or Competency that the student performs on both the practitioner’s and the student’s lists. The student will keep their copy. The practitioner will return their copy of the list to the course coordinator along with the form in V. 1. above.
3. Each student under the supervision of a practitioner will perform at least 15 of the items of the Proficiencies, Skills, Tasks, or Competencies List.
4. For each three hours of credit, students will be required to submit two (2) two-page, double spaced, referenced case reports on cases seen by the student in the practice and approved by the practitioner as part of the course requirements.
5. The course coordinator will evaluate the forms and will be responsible for assigning a grade for each participating student.
V. Proficiencies, Skills, Tasks and Competencies List
A. Large Animal
1. Correctly place a halter on a bovine.
2. Restrain a bovine with a lariat.
3. Restrain a porcine with a snare
4. Demonstrate and discuss the proper the proper use of a bull lead.
5. Discuss and demonstrate the safe operation of a head catch or squeeze chute.
6. Perform a rectal examination in the bovine.
7. Palpate a cow’s reproductive tract for pregnancy.
8. Palpate a mare’s reproductive tract for pregnancy.
9. Perform regional blocks for abdominal surgery in the bovine.
10. Castrate a calf.
11. Castrate a horse.
12. Castrate a piglet.
13. Castrate a small ruminant.
14. Assist with a ruminant caesarian section.
15. Assist with a porcine caesarian section.
16. Assist with a mare caesarian section
17. Perform a breeding soundness examination on a bull.
18. Perform a breeding soundness examination on a stallion.
19. Perform a breeding soundness examination on a ram or buck.
20. Use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in a cow/heifer.
21. Use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in a mare.
22. Use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in a small ruminant.
23. Use ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in a sow/gilt.
24. Exam an equine’s foot.
25. Properly administer a subcutaneous injection in various species.
26. Properly administer an intramuscular injection in various species.
27. Demonstrate an intravenous injection in various species.
28. Pass a stomach tube on a bovine.
29. Pass a stomach tube on an equine.
30. Administer fluids to a calf via an esophageal feeder.
31. Administer a bolus to a baby calf.
32. Administer a bolus to an adult bovine via a balling gun.
33. Determine the age of cattle by their dentition.
34. Discuss the proper storage and handling of drugs and vaccines.
35. Auscultate normal and abnormal lungs.
36. Examine and auscultate cattle with abdominal disorders, i.e., displaced abomasums, bloat, grain overload, etc.
37. Perform a rumenotomy.
38. Discuss Beef and Dairy quality assurance.
39. Discuss biosecurity and biocontainment.
40. Dehorn a baby ruminant by electro-cautery
41. Dehorn older cattle with Barnes or Keystone dehorners with hemostasis.
42. Demonstrate local anesthesia for the cornual nerve.
43. Demonstrate proper tattooing of cattle.
44. Properly apply a third eyelid flap.
45. Assist in obstetrical procedures any species.
46. Demonstrate the correct procedures for collecting sterile quarter milk samples.
47. Properly place implants in cattle ears.
48. Discuss and demonstrate the proper use and care of reusable syringes.
49. Perform an epidural block in a bovine/small ruminant.
50. Assist with the replacement of a prolapsed vagina, uterus, or rectum.
51. Perform and interpret the California Mastitis Test.
52. Conduct a physical examination on a bovine and/or small ruminant.
53. Conduct a physical examination on an equine.
54. Conduct a physical examination on a porcine
55. Demonstrate and discuss body condition scoring of beef animals.
56. Demonstrate and discuss body condition scoring of dairy breeding females.
57. Demonstrate and discuss body condition scoring of small ruminants.
58. Repair a cut or laceration.
59. Treat and discuss causes of neonatal pig diarrhea.
60. Use and discuss synchronization programs in bovine or porcine.
61. Demonstrate knowledge of proper nutrition for beef/dairy/small ruminant or porcine production.
62. Be exposed to production records (i.e. DHIA, CowSense, Pig Champ, etc.)
63. Analyze ventilation systems in a commercial swine operation.
64. Be exposed to regulatory veterinary medicine

B. Small Animal

46. Perform a breeding soundness examination on a dog.
47. Assist with a cat or dog caesarian section.
48. Castrate a dog.
49. Castrate a cat.
50. Spay a cat.
51. Spay a dog.
52. Perform and explain vaginal cytology in the bitch.